2. INTRODUCTION
The Tevatron is the world's first large superconducting accelerator. With its construction, we gained the dual opportunities to advance the state of the art in accelerator technology with the machine itself and in particle physics with the experiments that became possible in a higher energy regime. In 1989 President Bush presented the National Medal of Technology to four Fermilab physicists; Helen Edwards, Dick Lundy, Rich Orr, and Alvin Tollestrup for their work in building the Tevatron. This award at the highest level possible for a government project is recognition of the many contributions from the Fermilab staff to the success of the Tevatron project; from Bob Wilson at the beginning through all the scientists, engineers, and staff of what we now call the Beams and Technical divisions. They turned Bob's vision into a real accelerator.
On the first of October 1983, the first run of the Tevatron, the still-largest superconducting accelerator in the world, was just beginning. The commissioning run, at 400 GeV/c with 5 fixed target experiments in the Proton and Meson Laboratories, was a stepping stone to higher energy for fixed target experiments and, a few years later, to the collider program.
At 00:40 the message on channel 13 read "NO BEAM TO PROTON FOR AT LEAST 3 HRS". In fact there were only 26 hours of beam delivered in that first month. This was quite frustrating to those sitting midnight shifts at the time, both at the experiments and in the accelerator control room.
However, it was also a tour-de-force in bringing together the technological frontier of industrial scale superconductivity and the energy, sensitivity and precision frontiers of particle physics. By mid January 1984, when this first run ended, the fixed target experimentalist's view of the accelerator was back to what it had always been - the black box from which the beam emerged. That attitude was a clear sign of success. The run was followed immediately by 800 GeV/c operations beginning April 1, 1984 with the same 5 beam lines running - two of them with new experiments.
There have been 43 experiments in the Tevatron fixed target program. Many of these are better described as experimental programs, each with a broad range of physics goals and results, and more than 100 collaborating physicists and engineers. The results of this program are three-fold: (1) new technologies in accelerators, beams and detectors which advanced the state of the art; (2) new experimental results published in the refereed physics journals; and (3) newly trained scientists who are both the next generation of particle physicists and an important part of the scientific, technical and educational backbone of the country as a whole. In this book we compile these results. There are sections from each experiment including what their physics goals and results were, what papers were published, and which students have received degrees.
Summaries of these results from the program as a whole are quite interesting,
but the physics results from this program are too broad to summarize
globally. The most important of the
results appear in later sections of this booklet.
The papers and degrees lend themselves to a more quantitative programmatic
analysis. We have counted the
experimental papers resulting from all of the US laboratories over the decade
of the 1990's which have been published in the major refereed journals. Of the 895 such papers, 294, one third, have
come from the Tevatron fixed target program.
We have counted a total 465 degrees, 381 doctorates and 84 masters
degrees, earned by students from 104 universities based upon work done in the
Tevatron fixed target program. For
comparison, the Fermilab collider program, which started a few years later, has
produced 310 advanced degrees. The
international character of the fixed target program is evident when the
advanced degrees are sorted by state and country. As the table below shows, universities in 30 of the US states and
territories as well as 17 foreign countries gave advanced degrees for work done
in this Fermilab program. Among the top
10 are Japan, Italy, Brazil and Germany.
One third of all the advanced degrees were given by foreign
universities.
MS PhD
Tot MS PhD Tot
Belgium - 1
1 Brussels University - 1
1
Brazil 8 13
21 Centro Brasileiro de
Pesquisas Fisicas 5 8
13
Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro - 1
1
Pontificia Universidade Catolica Rio de Janeiro 1
- 1
State University of Campinas -
1 1
University of Sao
Paulo 2 3
5
California - 26
26 Stanford University - 1
1
University of California at Berkeley - 3 3
University of California at Davis - 7 7
University of California at Los Angeles - 5 5
University of California at San Diego - 1
1
University of California at Santa Barbara - 7 7
University of California at Santa Cruz - 2 2
Canada 2 7
9 McGill University 2
3 5
University of Toronto -
4 4
Colorado - 11
11 University of Colorado - 11
11
Connecticut - 7
7 Yale University - 7 7
England -
1 1 Imperial College - London -
1 1
Florida - 3
3 Florida State University - 3
3
France - 3
3 University of Paris - Sud - 3
3
Georgia - 1
1 Georgia State University - 1
1
Germany 6 11
17 Aachen University - 1
1
Max-Planck-Institut Fur Kernphysik 6 5 11
Technischen Universitaat Munich -
2 2
University of Freiberg -
2 2
Wuppertal University -
1 1
Greece - 5
5 University of Athens - 5
5
Hawaii -
1 1 University of Hawaii -
1 1
Illinois 5 41
46 Illinois Institute of
Technology - 2
2
Northern Illinois University 5
- 5
Northwestern University -
7 7
University of Chicago - 19
19
University of Illinois at Chicago Circle - 6 6
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - 7 7
India -
3 3 University of Delhi -
3 3
Indiana 3 16
19 Ball State University 2 -
1
Indiana University 1
5 6
Notre Dame
University
- 11 11
Iowa 3 6
9 University of Iowa 3 6
9
Israel 2 2
4 Tel Aviv University 2 2 4
Italy 7 21
28 University of Bari - 1
1
University of Lecce 2
- 2
University of Milano 4 9 13
University of Pavia 1
10 11
University of Roma -
1 1
Japan 33 16
49 Aichi University of
Education 1
- 1
Kobe University 3 2 5
Kyoto University - 5 5
Nagoya University 4 2 6
Osaka City University 4
1 5
Osaka University 8 4 12
MS PhD
Tot MS PhD Tot
Toho University 5 2 7
Utsunomiya University 8
- 8
Kansas - 3
3 Kansas State University - 2
2
University Kansas - 1 1
Korea 2 4
6 Korea University 2 4
6
Maryland - 5
5 University of Maryland - 5
5
Massachusetts - 23
23 Harvard University - 4
4
Massachusetts Institute of Technology - 4 4
Northeastern University -
8 8
Tufts University - 5 5
University Massachusetts at Amherst - 2 2
Mexico 4 6
10 Cinvestav
1 5 6
Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi 2 - 2
Universidad de Puebla 1
- 1
University of Guanajuato - 1
1
Michigan - 16
16 Michigan State
University
- 8 8
University of Michigan -
8 8
Minnesota - 7
7 University of Minnesota - 7
7
Mississippi - 1
1 University of
Mississippi
- 1 1
Missouri - 1
1 University of Missouri - 1 1
Netherlands -
1 1 Universiteit Antwerpen -
1 1
New Jersey - 10
10 Princeton University - 4
4
Rutgers University - 6 6
New Mexico - 2
2 New Mexico State
University - 2
2
New York 1 32
33 Columbia University - 16
16
State University of New York at Albany
- 1
1
State University of New York at Stony Brook - 3 3
University of Rochester 1
12 13
North Carolina - 5
5 Duke University - 5 5
Ohio - 11
11 Case Western Reserve
University - 1
1
Ohio State University -
5 5
University of Cincinnati -
5 5
Oklahoma - 1
1 University of Oklahoma - 1
1
Pennsylvania - 15
15 Carnegie Mellon
University - 2
2
Carnegie Melon University -
3 3
Lehigh University - 1 1
Pennsylvania State University -
2 2
University of Pennsylvania -
3 3
University of Pittsburgh -
4 4
Puerto Rico 6 -
6 University of Puerto
Rico 6 -
6
Russia - 1
1 Moscow State University - 1
1
South Carolina - 1
1 University of South
Carolina - 1
1
Switzerland - 1
1 University of Geneva - 1
1
Taiwan - 1
1 National
Cheng-KunUniversity
- 1 1
Tennessee - 6
6 University of Tennessee - 4
4
Vanderbilt University -
2 2
Texas 2
13 15 Rice University 2 10 12
Texas A&M University -
1 1
University of Houston -
1 1
University of Texas at
Austin - 1
1
Virginia - 5
5 University of Virginia - 5
5
Washington - 7
7 University of Washington - 7 7
Wisconsin - 8
8 University of Wisconsin - 8
8
These numbers are incomplete. While data taking with 800 GeV/c beam ended in January 2000, analysis from some of largest experiment programs will continue for several more years. There will probably be more 50 more papers published and a similar number of students graduated before this program will be truly complete.
Milestones denote progress on a journey. Now, seventeen years after the first beam was delivered, we have gathered to celebrate the milestone of the end of fixed target runs with the Tevatron. We will look today at where we have been and where we will be going next. The physics results from the Tevatron fixed target program have helped form our present understanding of nature and shaped some of the directions for future research. The technological advances we have made have already found their way into our new Main Injector and other accelerators, as well as current and planned future generations of detectors. The scientists who were trained in the Tevatron fixed target program, either as graduate students or in more senior positions, form the core of the upcoming Main Injector fixed target program. That program is already digging holes in the ground for future neutrino experiments, new experiments but with the same types of beams that began our fixed target programs in the past.
We have come today not to bury fixed target physics or simply to celebrate it, but to remind ourselves of the exceptional progress we have made, and to begin again with a next generation of Fermilab fixed target experiments. As with Mark Anthony, we'll sneak in a little praise for the old program as well.